Bitter leaf, scientifically known as Vernonia amygdalina, has been a staple in African cuisine and medicine for centuries....Read Full Article >>➤
Celebrated for its medicinal properties, it is commonly used to manage conditions such as malaria, diabetes, diarrhoea, fatigue, and even loss of appetite. However, recent studies suggest that while bitter leaf offers numerous health benefits, its excessive consumption might lead to adverse effects, including anaemia:
Bitter Leaf in Traditional and Modern Uses
In many Nigerian households, particularly in the southeastern region, bitter leaf is a dietary mainstay. It is frequently used to prepare soups and is reputed for its immune- boosting qualities. Among the Igbo and Yoruba communities, traditional soups made with bitter leaf are also used to alleviate headaches. Despite these benefits, researchers have raised concerns about the potential risks associated with consuming bitter leaf in large quantities over extended periods.
A 2019 study published in the International Journal of Bio- Science and Bio- Technology explored the effects of bitter leaf extract on red blood cells. Conducted by Dr. Augustine I. Airaodion of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, alongside other researchers, the study used 10 adult Wistar rats divided into two groups. One group was administered a saltwater solution, while the other consumed bitter leaf extract.
After 28 days, the researchers observed a significant decrease in key blood parameters— packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC) count— in the group treated with bitter leaf extract. These findings suggest that excessive consumption of bitter leaf might either promote the breakdown of red blood cells or inhibit their production.
The researchers proposed several mechanisms for how bitter leaf might lead to anaemia:
Inhibition of Erythropoietin Production
Erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Bitter leaf may inhibit this process, reducing RBC levels in the bloodstream.
Low Iron Content:
Bitter leaf is low in iron and protein, which are crucial for haemoglobin production and the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood. This deficiency could further contribute to anaemia.
Saponins in Bitter Leaf
Saponins, chemical compounds found in bitter leaf, have been linked to the destruction of red blood cells (haemolysis). These compounds are particularly potent in ethanol extracts of bitter leaf, which may contain higher concentrations of saponins compared to water extracts.
Individual Susceptibility to Bitter Leaf’ s Effects
The risk of anaemia from bitter leaf consumption varies among individuals, influenced by factors such as blood group and genotype. A 2001 study led by Dr. G. Oboh at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, found that blood group O and genotype SS are more susceptible to red blood cell breakdown from saponins. Conversely, individuals with blood group A or genotype AA exhibit greater resistance to these effects.
Balancing Benefits and Risks
While bitter leaf contains saponins that may reduce blood cholesterol and provide other health benefits, these same compounds pose risks when consumed excessively. Saponins typically remain in the gastrointestinal tract, but in cases of intestinal damage, they can enter the bloodstream, leading to complications such as liver damage, respiratory failure, and even convulsions.
Implications for Pregnant and Menstruating Women
Anaemia is already a common concern among pregnant and menstruating women due to blood loss and increased iron requirements. The potential for bitter leaf to exacerbate anaemia in these populations makes it crucial to consume the vegetable in moderation.
Recommendations
To enjoy the benefits of bitter leaf without compromising health:
Consume bitter leaf in moderate quantities and as part of a balanced diet.
Limit the use of ethanol- based bitter leaf extracts.
Individuals with blood group O or genotype SS should exercise particular caution.
Monitor blood parameters regularly if bitter leaf is a significant part of your diet.
Bitter leaf remains a valuable component of African cuisine and traditional medicine, but like many natural remedies, it must be consumed responsibly.
While its health benefits are undeniable, excessive and prolonged use could lead to unintended consequences such as anaemia. Further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms behind these effects and to provide clearer guidelines for safe consumption.
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